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Chemistry tabulation has been widely used in the literature to introduce some of the major subtleties of detailed chemistry in turbulent flame simulations. In the case of combustion systems featuring numerous degrees of freedom – such as progress of reaction, equivalence ratio, pressure, enthalpy, dilution by burnt gases – the rapidly growing size of the lookup-table file becomes one of the factor...
A Canadian limonite iron ore was tested for the first time as a catalytic bed material for air-blown gasification of pine sawdust at various equivalence ratios (ER, 0.20–0.35) on a pilot-scale fluidized bed gasifier, in comparison to a conventional olivine bed material. Effects of bed materials (iron ore and olivine) on tar formation and gasification efficiencies were comparatively investigated. The...
Gasification of fuel cane bagasse, the waste residue from fuel cane, a hybrid of wild and commercial clones of sugar cane, was carried out in a novel 50kWe air-blown autothermal downdraft gasifier. The speciation and distribution of alkali, alkali earth metals and major ash forming elements during gasification were investigated to evaluate the extent of volatilisation of these elements into the syngas...
Biomass is a primary source of renewable carbon that can be utilized as a feedstock for biofuels or biochemicals production in order to achieve energy independence. The low bulk density, high moisture content, degradation during storage and low energy density of raw lignocellulosic biomass are all significant challenges in supplying agricultural residues as a cellulosic feedstock. Torrefaction is...
To improve water management and enhance the catalyst utilization of the cathode catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, the effects of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) addition in the catalyst ink and the loading pattern of the catalyst layer were investigated. Two types of catalyst ink were used: a typical one without PTFE (Pt on carbon support+Nafion) and another type added with...
In order to find the optimal operating parameters in high-temperature and low-temperature coal tar hydrocracking processes and to maximize the light oil yields, experimental studies have been carried out in a one-stage reactor in supercritical solvents. Xylene and gasoline were used as supercritical solvents to investigate their effects on the light oil yields. The results show that gasoline was more...
Storage stability is an important aspect in the commercialization of biodiesel. Due to the chemical structure of methyl ester, long-term storage may lead to the degradation of fuel properties that can make it difficult to meet the EN 14214 Standard.This paper examines the degradation of several biofuels (sunflower methyl esters, used cooking oil methyl esters and blends with commercial diesel) under...
The main goal of this work was to develop a simple analytical method for quantification of glycerol based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol on the copper surface adapted in a flow injection system. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak current response increases linearly with glycerol concentration over the range 60–3200mgkg −1 (equivalent to 3–160mgL −1 in solution)...
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture and storage (CCS) in unmineable coal seams is regarded as one of the possible approaches to mitigate the ever increasing CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere resulting from human activities since the Industrial Revolution. Injection of CO 2 into unmineable coal seams not only provides a solution for long term storage of CO 2 but it also...
Hydrous ethanol is a worldwide used biofuel. According to Brazilian regulations, the concentration of ethanol in hydrous ethanol can be accepted at a maximum concentration of 93.8% and a minimum of 92.6% by mass. The aim of this study is to identify the possible changes in hydrous ethanol fuel using ultrasonic attenuation and propagation velocity. The experiments were performed in the Laboratory of...
The latest generation of fuel systems for direct-injection spark-ignition engines uses injection nozzles that accommodate a number of holes with various angles in order to offer flexibility in in-cylinder fuel targeting over a range of engine operating conditions. However, the high-injection pressures that are needed for efficient fuel atomisation can lead to deteriorating effects with regards to...
Nano-meter size particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have harmful effects on human health. Fundamental research works for investigation of formation behavior of PAHs in combustion process were required for the reduction of nano-PM emission. In this paper, PAHs, soot and PM components in diffusion flames of paraffin fuels were investigated using laser diagnostics and...
Lean combustion is a standard approach used to reduce NO x emissions in large bore (35–56cm) stationary natural gas engines. However, at lean operating points, combustion instabilities and misfires give rise to high total hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. To counteract this effect, precombustion chamber (PCC) technology is employed to allow engine operation at an overall...
The cloud point is an important property of biodiesel, controlling its low temperature behaviour, especially the fluidity of the fuel. Although biodiesel is an interesting renewable energy source, data for the melting/cloud point of biodiesel or simple binary or ternary mixtures of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are still scarce in the literature, particularly for those involving ethyl esters. The...
The aim of this paper is to present a predictive kinetic model of the release of sulfur compounds from coal. The model first characterizes the relative amount of the different forms of sulfur components. Inorganic (pyritic and sulfates) and organic sulfur (aliphatic, aromatic and thiophenic) are estimated quite simply on the basis of a wide range of elemental coal compositions available in the literature...
The measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy used in situ is a suitable technique for the characterization of oil and water-in-oil emulsions. Nyquist diagrams for dehydrated oils are characterized by the formation of one semi-circle. The equivalent circuit proposed for the dehydrated oil is a resistance and capacitor (R O C O ) in parallel. The resistance and conductivity...
In this experiment, argemone oil, toxic and highly viscous oil, was treated in two different processes to use this as an adulterer to petroleum diesel. Firstly oil was passed through several processes to lower it viscosity and to improve its properties. The resultant oil, refined argemone oil (RAO), was compared with traditional transesterified biodiesel (TEO) prepared from crude argemone oil. Results...
Unsupported sulfide catalysts are a potentially promising approach towards furthering the understanding and development of a better heterogeneous catalytic system capable of performing the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oil proficiently under mild and short reaction conditions and times, respectively. Amorphous unsupported Ni–Mo sulfide, prepared from ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) by a one step...
Standard kinetic models are essential tools for predicting and interpreting the evolution of oxidation processes and obtain useful information for designing and dimensioning practical combustion facilities. Quite often a large part of the development work consists in the determination of the most suited chemical kinetics scheme to use in numerical simulations. This step is even more critical in the...
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